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Detecting trains with InfraRed + Arduino

You've probably seen a lot of reversing/stopping circuits around, but the majority of these run on occupancy detection in track blocks. This can work very well but, due to the differences in train engines, you can have issues with how quickly to slow/stop individual locomotives. There are other ways of detecting a train coming to a dead-end, and here I'll show a method using Infrared Light.

Infrared light can't be seen by the human eye, but can be picked up by electronic devices. Due to this, it can be used freely around your layout (with the exception that direct sunlight/room-light can cause interference) for detecting your trains. One of the more common usages is to put an emitter/detector combination in a buffer to stop a train as it comes to the end of the line.

Note that there are two emitter/detector devices! Each 'black box' in that diagram contains both an emitter and a detector. The benefit of using the QRD1114 means that these are neatly packaged in one unit!

In this set up the emitter and detector are both facing towards an approaching vehicle. The emitter-side of the QRD1114 will always be emitting infrared light down the track. The detector will then receive the infrared light reflected off the vehicle as it approaches and its internal resistance will rise accordingly. This means we can read the resistance of the detector to know how close the train is therefore slow it down proportionately. We can therefore ensure the train does not hit the buffer by checking the value of the detector and altering the speed of the train quickly and appropriately.

Firstly, here's the circuit for wiring up both the 'Infrared Emitters and Detectors' and the Optical Detector / Phototransistor (recommended) from Toys Downunder. And Here's the datasheet for the latter QRD1114.

Note: I happened to test out both setups as I destroyed my first QRD1114 by applying 5v directly to the emitter... You must only apply 1.7v max!

And then the detector set up on the engine shed roads:

The two roads above will eventually be located inside an engine shed. Due to the potential interference from one emitter to the other, I will put a separator down the middle of the tracks.

The maxmimum read distance I could achieve was just under 6cm during testing**. This wasn't exactly what I was expecting and would've liked around 10-12cm for this purpose, but I worked around this. It seems that there is a more expensive detector at Toys Downunder: Sharp GP2Y0A21YK that can detect object up to 84cm away. I imagine it would be as simple as obtaining larger IR LEDs to boost the light output and therefore the light reflection.

Once the two detectors were in place, I set about automating a quick shunting process. I'd started noticing that, depending on room light, the readers weren't doing the best job; down to around 20mm distance was all that was being detected. This would not be enough to measure the speed as I wanted to, but I kept going anyway.

Programming the detector was the same as the potentiometer throttle done previously. The detector acted as a variable resistor and the reading would be from +1000 to 0 depending on the reflectivity of the object. It turned out that 0 was when the object was closest to the detector. Unfortunately, this only started changing once the object came within 30mm.

Here's a video of my quick shunt automation in action. First with the QRD1114 and then with the separate emitter/detector:

Results

I ended up stopping progress on this as the detector didn't respond as well as I'd have wanted. After getting a 6cm read distance during test I thought it would feasible, but this dropped to a max of 15mm when actually installed on the track. There would be too much re-adjusting to get either of the types of infrared detectors to work.

The only option from here is to purchase the Sharp detector mentioned above and see if it really can detect 84cm!

Tracking trains with an Arduino and RFID : Implemented

Right, after telling you all about how the RFID setup works (and how to do it yourself), I thought I'd actually test it on my work-in-progress layout. Just for a recap, this setup uses the Arduino Mega, an ID-12 RFID Reader (plus RFID Button) from Toys Downunder and the code provided in the article listed here.

I knew the ID-12 reader had a 60mm optimal read distance, so I wanted it pretty close to the track for extra reliability. I decided on mounting it inside the platform, as it would be close to the track and I could perform actions/events once a train reached the platform.

First I had to rewire the reader, as previously I'd used component wires (surplus resistor legs, etc...) so that I could easily test it on the Arduino. Now that it was to go through the baseboard I needed lengthy wires:

And then I mounted it into the station platform:

And then, it just worked!

What you can't see is the readout on the computer screen of the unique id on the button. This is what will allow me to perform actions (maybe sounds, path settings or signal settings) per each train I have with a button installed.

What's next? I might try some proximity detection; as you can see, I have a 2-road yard just to the right of the station which will be an engine shed and it'll require that trains don't smash through the rear wall

Tracking trains with an Arduino and RFID

So, you're now controlling your trains with your Wii Nunchuck and an Arduino... What if you get tired and want them to run by themselves? This next project will help you with one piece of the puzzle, as long as the trains are still moving :)

Whilst looking for the Wii Nunchuck Adapter at Toys Downunder, I came across RFID 'buttons' and an RFID reader that were compatible with the Arduino. Since I have the Arduino Mega, I knew I'd have pins/serial lines to spare, so I went ahead and added them to my order.

I bought the ID-12 RFID Reader and 2 RFID Buttons. I chose against purchasing the breakout board, as after reading the comments it didn't look like it would fit the ID-12 (only fitting the ID-20.) I've since asked Toys Downunder to correct this comment in case it really does, as soldering these readers is a pain. (Note, they have since updated the notes and the ID-12 does indeed fit. They also offered me a free one! I might act on that next time I go shopping there!)

Wiring up the reader was going to be pretty simple. I'd see examples of it wired here for a door lock and in the datasheet. I was a little confused as to which 'output' to use; there are two provided and I guessed right the first time (pin 9: Inverted TTL Data.) This output was fed into an RX port on one of the 3 surplus Serial ports on the Arduino Mega (Serial1).

After a quick bit of coding, I had the RFID reader picking up the RFID button reliably. You can find instructions on this from the Arduino site for another type of reader, but below is a quick code listing for getting it to work on the Arduino Mega. I wrote this with guidance from the previous door lock link and the Arduino site as well.

bool newData = false;
int cardData[16];
int idx=0;
void setup() { 
  Serial.begin(9600);  // Hardware serial for Monitor 9600bps
  Serial.println("Starting Reader..."); //show some activity
  Serial1.begin(9600); //ID-12 uses 9600!
}
void loop() { 
  while (Serial1.available() > 0) {
    cardData[idx] = Serial1.read();
    idx++;
    if (idx == 16) {
      newData = true;
      idx = 0;
    }
  }
  if (newData){
    newData = false;
    Serial.print("Found RFID device: ");
    for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) Serial.print(cardData[i]);
    Serial.println(".");
  }
} 

I've since read that external antennas can be hooked up, but creating one of these seems to be quite involved. Even though this ID-12 was the smallest reader available on Toys Downunder, there (after reading the datasheet) seems to be a slightly smaller one. It happens to be smaller since it doesn't include an internal antenna. Either way, if you choose to make your own, you may well be able to lay it in the trackbed. Otherwise, you can just shove a reader like this ID-12 into a trackside building or at the back of a engine shed to know which loco has arrived.

Initial testing showed that the Buttons could be read through my Thunderbird B-Train Shorty with motorised chassis; although the chassis wasn't powered at the time. I'll show the reader installed on a model railway in a future article.

Controlling your trains with an Arduino

A quick introduction to the Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).

The boards can be built by hand or purchased preassembled; the software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source license, you are free to adapt them to your needs

Using it on your Model Railway

So, I recently purchased an Arduino Mega Microcontroller with the intent to control a Model Railway. This article will be the first in a series to show you how to use an Arduino to control different areas of a layout. Our first goal will be to create a controller/throttle with very basic Acceleration/Braking and a 12v DC Pulse Width Modulated output.

Note that this will all be based on DC electronics; this has nothing to do with DCC.

First, here's a list of web resources for controlling a 12v output with the Arduino:

• Basic 12v Output
  • Wolf's spur - Arduino model railway control
• AdaFruit Motor Shield - Circuit that plugs directly onto your Arduino and provides outputs
  • Motor Shield for Arduino Page, Source Code and Schematic
  • Robot Gear's L298 Version
  • And another with an L298 and a PIC (but the principle is still the same)
• DIY H-Bridge Add-on
  • DC Motor Control Using an H-Bridge and a PIC
  • DC Motor Control Using an H-Bridge - Similar to above
  • Dual Motor Driver with Arduino using a SN754410NE Quad Half H-Bridge
  • L298 Hbridge meets Arduino mega
  • PWM with l293/l298 - Provides great information on how to control a H-Bridge
  • Controlling a DC motor with the Arduino and L293D
  • DC Motor Driver v1.1
  • 4A H bridge motor driver using the L298 IC
  • Bi-directional Control Of Motors And The H-Bridge
• Others
  • SparkFun's Serial Controlled Motor Driver

What I created

In the end I chose to use the schematics and information from the guys at pyroelectro.com which uses the L298 H-Bridge integrated circuit. My main reasoning was that, although they used a PIC microcontroller, they correctly controlled the L298 with PWM on it's input rather than it's enabling pin. Either way, the PWM signal is still created...

Here's the schematic. I've added a few extra buttons and LEDs and also added a potentiometer for speed control.

Notes:

• The IC is facing towards the viewer (i.e. so that the text on the IC is visible.)
• It's also recommended to use a heatsink!
• Ensure that you connect the ground(GND) on the L298.. It'll overheat and fry if you don't.
• You must use Ultra Fast Diodes for the flyback diodes. More information here

Right, what do you need to know?... The PWM pins are labelled on your Arduino board. By default they output a PWM signal when you feed an analogWrite(pin_number) to them. This creates a pulse that the H-Bridge will respond to. The frequency of this pulse (wave) will then govern the final output voltage to the tracks.

For direction control you either apply digitalWrite(HIGH) to PWM2 and digitalWrite(LOW) to PWM3 or vice versa for the opposite direction. Applying LOW to both pins will stop the output and HIGH to both will short circuit!

I've added S1 and S2 to control my direction. It starts off going 'forward', but pressing S2 will set the direction to backwards. The code is written to gradually stop and then accelerate in the opposite direction. Pressing S1 will then set the direction forwards again and the reverse will occur.

S3 is the emergency stop button. Resetting the throttle to zero will cancel the emergency stop flag.

The potentiometer is the throttle... I found a huge one at an antique store down the road and love it. It's rated at 250ohm (no idea what current) and when at '100' the analogRead reports just over 1000. The throttle is only for speed, I really should add a brake lever, as when you return to zero speed the train will only gradually stop. You need to then hit the reverse (or emergency stop) button to stop the train faster.

You'll also require a 12v DC power supply. As your little engines may use up to 1A when starting, make sure this power supply is sufficient. Also, if you don't intend to have the Arduino plugged in to a computer after programming, then this 12v can also supply it (connect all ground wires together!). Just make sure it's a regulated and safe power supply. Note that different Arduinos can handle different voltages! Find your board listed here and then work out the power supply details, otherwise the Arduino Mega details are here (Input max 20v DC).

Source Code

The source code can be downloaded here.

Photos

Here's a few shots of the current set up:

Please do ask any questions you have about this... I've probably skimmed over a lot and am more than happy to update this as necessary. I intend on getting on to more interesting things with this controller as I get the time.